Beehive status sensor and method for tracking pesticide use in agriculture production

ABSTRACT

Monitoring system, device and method for detecting chemicals in an insect environment, such as a beehive or colony. The method can include monitoring the insect environment for the presence or absence of at least one chemical or environmental factor using at least one sensor located within the insect environment, the at least one sensor operative to generate data in response to the presence or absence of at least one chemical or factor in the environment and communicate the data to an associated data processing device, monitoring a population of insects in the insect environment to detect a change in the population or health of insects that make up the population, and generating a correlation between a detected change in the population or health of insects in the insect environment with an increase or decrease of the at least one chemical outside the insect environment.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS AND APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/951,500, filed Apr. 12, 2018, which application claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/485,084, filed onApr. 13, 2017, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/891,410, filed on Feb. 8, 2018, which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/235,981, filed Aug. 12, 2016, nowU.S. Pat. No. 9,922,525, issued Mar. 20, 2018, which claims the benefitof U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/297,385, filed Feb.19, 2016 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/205,012,filed Aug. 14, 2015, which applications are hereby incorporated byreference.

FIELD

The present exemplary embodiment relates to systems and methods fordetecting chemicals or environmental factors. It finds particularapplication in conjunction with systems and method for detectingchemicals or factors in a beehive or other social insect colonies aswell as in the environments in which they interact and will be describedwith particular reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated thatthe present exemplary embodiment is also amenable to other likeapplications.

BACKGROUND

Pollinators are critical to the Nation's economy, food security,environment and health. Honey bee pollination alone adds more than $15billion in value to agriculture crops each year. It also helps toimprove public health by ensuring the availability of ample fruits, nutsand vegetables, which are part of a balanced diet. In addition, honeybee pollination enhances land conservation, which makes ecosystems moreresistant to climate change and natural disasters.

But pollinators are struggling, particularly honey bees. In 2016,reported losses of all managed colonies in the U.S., amounted to 44.1percent. The annual losses increased 3.5 percent from the previousyear—the first year in which summer season losses exceeded winter seasonlosses. As a result of the high rate of loss, beekeepers are workingharder to replace and/or maintain their colonies.

The economic impact of bee colony loss is significant. The estimateddirect cost to beekeepers alone totals $2 billion. The estimate assumesthat 10 million hives have been lost at a conservative valuation of $200each. Looking at just this past year, the estimated direct cost tobeekeepers is almost $500 million. Another estimation approach based onlost agriculture output puts the economic burden much higher at morethan $4.4 billion.

High colony loss rates require beekeepers to rapidly, and at substantialexpense, rebuild their colonies, placing commercial beekeeping injeopardy as a viable industry and threatening the crops dependent onhoneybee pollination.

Despite challenging circumstances, commercial beekeepers have beensomewhat successful at passing along the added costs of colony loss. Forexample, the cost of renting honey bees for almond growers rose from$51.99 per colony in 2003 to as much as $157.03 per colony in 2009.

In recent years, research has focused on the causes of colony loss orColony Collapse Disorder (CCD), a phenomenon that occurs when workerbees leave an otherwise healthy colony. Research suggests that thedeclining bee population could be caused by the “combined stresses” ofparasites, pesticides and habitat loss. However, now that some of thecauses are known, finding ways to help minimize loss and achieve goalsset forth in the National Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Beesand Other Pollinators is critical. The strategy calls for reducingoverwintering mortality to 15 percent within ten years. However, recentdata show that winter loss rates are on the rise and well above theacceptable level. Overwintering motility increased 5.8 percentage pointsto 28.1 percent this past winter from 22.3 percent in the previouswinter.

FIG. 1 illustrates that overwintering mortality, a key metric fordetermining the overall health of honey bees, is on the rise. The shareof colonies lost during the 2015-2016 winter was 28.1 percent, whichsignificantly exceeds the sustainable level of 15 percent ofcommercially managed colonies in the U.S.

Current approaches to increase overall colony health have focusedprimarily on monitoring chemical composition using sampling techniquesand gas chromatography. However, the method provides only a snapshot ofchemical composition and does not monitor in real-time the changes tochemical composition and how those changes affect the overall health ofhoney bee colonies. Less scientific methods are also being deployed.Many commercial beekeepers have accepted high colony loss rates of abouta quarter of their bees on average and are having to rebuild their hivesfrom scratch. The rebuilding process typically takes about two monthsand involves transferring bees from a healthy colony to a new hive.These bees produce a hatch of baby bees and food to support them. Aqueen bee is required, and one queen now costs upwards of $25. It is notunusual for commercial beekeepers to spend hundreds of thousands ofdollars per year just on queen bees.

Current methods fall short of preventing honey bee loss and insteadfocus on coping with the fallout hive collapse.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides necessary data to commercial farmers andcommercial beekeepers to allow them to determine the appropriate levelof pesticide use that protects plants from pests, but also prevents harmto sources of natural pollination, including honey bees.

Two critical honey bee pheromones, 9-ODA and E-β-ocimene, have asignificant impact on the health of honey bee colonies. Specifically,9-ODA (EC50=280±31 nM), is the only queen retinue pheromone (QRP) thatalso acts as a long-distance sex pheromone. For the first time, and inaccordance with the present disclosure, continuous monitoring of thetarget pheromones and levels at which they exist in colonies will bepossible. Other chemicals can be monitored in addition or in thealternative, as appropriate, including various forms of pesticidesincluding: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), organophosphates suchas malathion and diazinon and neonicotinoids among other insecticides.It should be appreciated that any factor that impacts crop productionand has an impact on pollinators that interact with such crops can bemonitored so that remedial action can be taken.

In accordance with one aspect, a method of monitoring the health of aninsect environment comprises monitoring the insect environment for thepresence of at least one chemical using at least one sensor locatedwithin the insect environment, the at least one sensor operative togenerate data in response to the presence of at least one chemical inthe environment and communicate the data to an associated dataprocessing device, monitoring a population of insects in the insectenvironment to detect a change in the population, and generating acorrelation between a detected change in the population of insects inthe insect environment with an increase or decrease of the at least onechemical. In some cases, insect detected and used instead of population.For example, an acceptable population of bees could be present in thehive, but not doing their job brooding, cleaning and foraging. This willultimately result in fewer bees as they die off from lack of food.

The method can include monitoring one or more environments external tothe insect environment with which the insect population interacts forthe at least one chemical, and taking remedial action to increase ordecrease the at least one chemical in the insect environment based atleast in part on the correlation between a detected change in thepopulation of insects in the insect environment with an increase ordecrease of the at least one chemical. The remedial action can includeincreasing or decreasing a concentration of the at least one chemical inthe one or more environments external to the insect environment. Themethod can include monitoring at least one of temperature or humidity ofthe insect environment. The insect environment can include a beehive.The at least one sensor can be configured to periodically report asensed concentration of the at least one chemical to the associated dataprocessing device over a period of time.

The method can further include comparing the sensed concentration to athreshold concentration, and generating an alert if the sensedconcentration exceeds the threshold concentration. The method caninclude providing a power source including an antenna configured toreceive energy wirelessly and supply the received energy to at least oneof the detector component or the communication circuitry.

In accordance with another aspect, a monitoring system for monitoring anenvironment for the presence of one or more chemicals comprises areceiver, a first sensor including a detector component operative togenerate data in response to the presence of one or more chemicals,communication circuitry and a power source operatively coupled to thedetector component and the communication circuitry for supplying powerthereto, the communication circuitry configured to transmit datagenerated by the detector component corresponding to the presence orabsence of one or more chemicals to the associated receiver, and asecond sensor including a detector component operative to generate datain response to the presence of one or more chemicals, communicationcircuitry and a power source operatively coupled to the detectorcomponent and the communication circuitry for supplying power thereto,the communication circuitry configured to transmit data generated by thedetector component corresponding to the presence or absence of one ormore chemicals to the receiver. The first sensor is configured to detectone or more chemicals in an insect environment, and the second sensor isconfigured to detect one or more chemicals in an environment external tothe insect environment with which the insect population interacts.

The monitoring system can include various forms of sensor apparatusincluding an apparatus placed directly inside of the colony and or anapparatus connected to the colony and continuously samples and detectschemical composition changes in the colony. The sensors placed insidethe colony are placed in a protective covering made of substance thatallows for optimal performance of the sensor, such as mesh, foam orother material. The system can further include at least one sensor fordetecting at least one of a level of insect activity within the insectenvironment or a population of insects within the insect environment,wherein the receiver is operatively connected with a data processingdevice configured to generate a correlation between a detected change inthe population of insects in the insect environment with an increase ordecrease of the at least one chemical. The at least one sensor fordetecting at least one of a level of insect activity sensor can be atleast one of a temperature sensor, humidity sensor, acoustical sensor, avibration sensor, and infrared sensor or an ultrasonic sensor. The dataprocessing device can be configured to generate an alert in response toa detected change in population of the insect environment, and/or togenerate an alert in response to detection of a predetermined chemicalin the insect environment. The power source of at least one of the firstor second sensors can include an antenna configured to receive energywirelessly and supply the received energy to at least one of thedetector component or the communication circuitry.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a table depicting total bee colony loss over the period2010-2016;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a portion of a system in accordance withthe present disclosure including a sensor for monitoring an insectenvironment in the form of a beehive or bee colony;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a portion of a system in accordance withthe present disclosure including a sensor for monitoring an environmentexternal to the beehive in the form of a crop field; and

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary sensor unit and receivercomponent in accordance with the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure sets forth a monitoring system for bee coloniesand the environments in which they interact including: ant farms,termite mounds, mosquito nests and other organizations of social insectsincluding, but not limited to: bees, wasps, hornets, ants, termites,mosquitos, earwig, stonefly, crickets, dragonfly, fleas, thrips,beetles, stink bugs and butterflies. The present disclosure is focusedon social insects, particularly those that interact with agriculture andother types of crops that have monetary value. Honey bees are especiallyimportant because they serve a vital role in pollinating a very largeportion of the global food supply. Aspects of the present disclosure canbe used to monitor any desired insect colony. In a basic example, thesystem can include sensor and/or other detection devices housed withinor in proximity to a hive or nest, a power source and circuitry tocommunicate data generated by the sensor and/or other detection deviceswirelessly with hand-held devices and data terminals.

The monitoring system can be calibrated using a method that determineshow social insect pheromones respond to various conditions andchemicals, particularly those used in seeds or to treat plants withobjective of increasing agriculture production yield. The method caninclude using any type of carbon particle, nanoparticle, nanoscrolls,nanowire, graphene, microelectrochemical system (MEMS), polymers, gaschromatography, gas chromatography and/or mass spectrometry (GC/MS),miniaturized GS/MS or GS, pulsed discharge ionization detector (PDID) orother sensing device in combination with preconcentrators (PC),including micro-PC and Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) to determinethe chemical composition of a healthy colony versus an unhealthy colony.The method determines causality between certain conditions and chemicalsthat contribute to a healthy colony becoming unhealthy and ultimatelyleading to the collapse of the colony otherwise known as Colony CollapseDisorder (CCD) or any other known or unknown cause of social insectloss. Once the conditions and chemicals that have adverse effects areidentified, smaller, more cost-effective nano/meso/micro sensors aredeveloped to monitor the levels of adverse chemicals and conditionsinside the colony.

The smaller, more cost-effective sensors of the present disclosure areintended to detect levels of chemicals that are known to have effects oncolony health including, but not limited to: pheromones, pesticides,various forms of insecticides and any other chemical composition thatmay be present in the organization of social insects. With anunderstanding of the level of target chemical composition, the operatingstatus and health of a social insect organization can be deduced usingalgorithms, machine learning and artificial intelligence and tracked andtraced using blockchain.

The detection device (e.g., sensor component) can comprise an array ofsensors and other detection devices (e.g., as noted above) that areconnected to an analyzer and memory which contain algorithms, which canbe downloaded from a central source, that allow the sensors and otherdetection devices to differentiate multiple chemicals, gases andenvironmental conditions including temperature and humidity. By placingthe sensors in colonies of social insects, primarily honey bees, andthroughout the environment that they interact with (e.g., crop fieldsand the broader nature ecosystem), the system can identify levels oftarget chemicals and track where such target chemicals came from outsideof the colony. The sensors communicate with the CPU/memory and thenreport their findings via a standard wireless connection, near-field orother forms of wireless connection which can be encrypted. The sensor(s)are placed inside a protective pouch (made of mesh or any other type offabric that is permeable, yet protects the sensor allowing it tofunctional optimally) and attached to the Queen Excluder located at thecenter of the colony. The sensor can also be strategically placed inother locations of the colony including: the honey supers, out cover,inner cover, deep super, bottom board as well as other areas. Placementin the Queen Excluder is optimal for detecting changes in hive chemicalcomposition and pheromones, especially during the winter months wheremost brooding occurs. As will be appreciated, sensor placement can betailored such that it is in suitable location for sensing the targetchemical. The design and placement accounts for the harsh environment ofsocial colonies, particularly honey beehives, which maintaintemperatures between 81 and 93 degrees Fahrenheit. Also included in thecolony chemical monitoring device are humidity and temperature sensors.

The present disclosure sets forth various detection devices placedinside or attached to the outside an organization of social insects,including, but not limited to: bee colonies, ant farms, termite moundsand mosquito nests that collect, detect analyze and communicate levelsof target chemicals within the organization that are helpful indetermining behavior and overall health of the social insectorganization. Significantly, the present disclosure further utilizessimilar detection devices deployed in agriculture fields and itssurrounding environment to help determine the source of the chemicalsthat are having harmful affects on honey bee colony health, such thatremedial measures can be initiated proactively to avoid damage to theinsect population.

Aspects of the present disclosure provide researchers and keepers ofsocial insects up-to-date, real-time information on the status of insectorganization health, population or other factors providing indication ofthe ability to sustain insect organization and their behaviors such aspollination in the case of honey bees.

The present disclosure also sets forth a method and system of placingsensors throughout the environments for which the social insectsinteract including sources of food, nutrients and water such as nearbyirrigation infrastructure, streams, rivers ponds and lakes. Thedetection devices can also be placed throughout agriculture fieldsincluding in soil, on farming equipment, irrigation infrastructure,plants and in stationary and mobile units (including drones and otherunmanned/remote/autonomous vehicles specifically for detecting levels ofchemicals and other environmental conditions including temperature,humidity and other factors that affect agriculture production.

In accordance with the present disclosure, continuous monitoring of thetarget pheromones and levels at which they exist in colonies will bepossible. Using a staged development approach, bench scale analyticalchemistry and statistical analysis is first used to identify targetpheromones and chemicals for monitoring. The results are used to informthe development of the hive-side portable system for real-timemonitoring and analysis of the target pheromones, as well as otherchemicals like pesticides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Afterthe hive-side device identifies the chemicals that are known to have acausal effect on colony health, smaller more cost-effective sensors arethen configured and placed where monitoring is desired. These locationswill relate to where the social insects travel to or reside, primarilyinside of their colonies and the agriculture fields or otherenvironments that they come into contract with.

These devices (the hive-side monitoring device and cost-effectivenano-sensors) provide researchers and beekeepers with a betterunderstanding of how changes in chemical composition and otherenvironmental factors affect the health of colonies. Once the optimalchemical compositions of healthy colonies are determined, steps can betaken to maintain such compositions and prevent colony loss. Such anapproach and system delivers large benefits to beekeepers, especiallycommercial keepers who struggle to keep an adequate level of healthyhoney bee colonies used for pollinating commercial agriculture fieldsand farms.

The hive-side monitoring system analyzes the volatile signatures fromhealthy and collapsing colonies using gas chromatography and massspectrometry (GC/MS) as well as other sampling and measurementtechniques including but not limited to: miniaturized Gas Chromatography(GC) utilizing nanoelectrochemical sensors (NEMS) and gaschromatograph-mass spectrometer on chip; miniaturized GC column usingMEMS fabricated on a 2 cm×2 cm size μ-GC chip and coated with non-polarstationary phase, was 1.3 m long, 150 μm wide, and 400 μm deep andcontain embedded micro circular posts which are 30 μm diameter. Anotherapproach using a 1.5×3 cm microfluidic platform with a sample injectionunit, a micromachined semi-packed separation column (μSC) and amicro-helium discharge photoionization detector (μDPID). The sampleinjection unit consists of a T-shaped channel operated with an equallysimple setup involving a single three-way fluidic valve, a micropump forsample loading and a carrier gas supply for subsequent analysis of theVOCs. The hive-side system also leverages advanced algorithms todetermine diagnostic patterns indicative of both types of colonies.However, before analyzing a complex volatile mixture using dataalgorithms, the chemical compounds are separated by gas chromatographyand other techniques.

The present disclosure overcomes significant pheromone sampling,separation and detection challenges existing today. For example,pheromones can have strong effects even at very low concentrations, somethods to measure them must be very sensitive. However, most methodsand equipment currently being used by researchers require that samplesbe collected in laboratories, which is difficult to do; is timeconsuming and tends to bias results. Having portable field detectordevices that can sample, separate and detect low concentrations ofchemical compounds fundamentally changes the way bee researchers and beekeepers monitor pheromone production over time. Furthermore, the presentdisclosure helps advance the understanding of how the changing chemicalcomposition of colonies affect overall colony health.

Colonies of social insects are often harsh environments conducive to thesurvival of a particular species. For example, honey bees preciselycontrol the temperature inside their hives to determine which job theiryoung will perform in the colony when mature. With such precision intheir operating environment it is critical that the internal sensors notdisrupt activity within the hive, as this could be detrimental in itselfto hive health.

For beekeepers, it is very difficult to track hive health during winterbecause when the colony is hibernating it is inadvisable to open thehive. During the winter, when the temperature drops below 50 degreesFahrenheit, honey bees retreat into their hive in order to conserve heatand protect the queen bee. They form a cluster in the middle of the hivesurrounded the queen, constantly fluttering their wings so the core ofthe cluster is only able to move vertically within 81-93 degrees. Due tothe vertical slat construction of the hives, the cluster is only able tomove vertically within the hive, constricting the amount of honey theycan consume. In order to reach the honey in the corners of the hive, thebees must break the cluster, a process in which bees lose significantamount of heat. In a best case scenario, by the time the bees need tobreak cluster the weather will be warm enough for the bees to survive.However, this is not always the case. The sensor system of the presentdisclosure can monitor not only the temperature and humidity within thehive, but also the exact chemical composition of the hive and how itchanges over time correlating with the overall health of a hive.

Because of the challenges described in the previous section, the presentdisclosure sets forth miniaturized nano-tube sensors calibrated todetect changes in the levels of target chemicals produced using metallicink, screen printing or laser printing. The sensor device can consist ofa nano sensor or array of nano sensors that are connected to an analyzerCPU and memory that contains algorithms, which can be downloaded from acentral source that allow the sensors to differentiate multiplechemicals, gases and other environmental conditions includingtemperature and humidity. The sensors communicate with the CPU/memoryand then report their findings via standard wireless connection,near-field or other wireless connection which can be encrypted ifdesired.

The technical challenges overcome by the present disclosure measurelevels of critical pheromones, such as 9-ODA and E-β-ocimene, anddistinguish between colonies that are strengthening in health versusdeteriorating and the conditions causing the change in health. If acolony is identified as deteriorating, steps can be taken such as:replacing old comb with new foundation, providing adequate ventilation,keeping mite infestations in check and treating colonies with anantibiotic to prevent foulbrood, among other factors that contribute tohive deterioration.

A pheromone detection system that provides early warning to colony losshas the ability to contribute significantly to the National Strategy toPromote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators overwinteringmortality goal of 15 percent within ten years. If the system can helpreturn colony loss rates to sustainable levels, or avoid losing onemillion colonies a year, it would yield at least $200 million a year indirect economic benefit to beekeepers alone.

The non-invasive pheromone detection system and method of the presentdisclosure offers a number of distinct advantages for bee researchersand beekeepers:

-   -   researchers are able to continually detect whether a pheromone        is present in a hive, and also continually detect how pheromone        levels change in a colony over time. They can also use        time-series analysis to correlate those changes to the overall        chemical composition of a colony and ultimate hive health and        sustainability. This level of functionality will help        researchers produce conclusive evidence on how certain chemicals        affect colony health.    -   beyond just pheromones, the detection system can identify as        many as 50 target compounds within seconds, helping to identify        other compounds, chemicals and environmental factors that have a        causal link to the all-important 9-ODA, E-β-ocimene as well as        other pheromones and chemicals including, but not limited to        pesticides, insecticides and other environmental factors.    -   aspect of the present disclosure set forth a portable, sensitive        and ruggedized system for field use. It also has the ability to        communicate wirelessly with remote data terminals or hand-held        devices that integrate with sensors deployed in agriculture        fields and their surrounding environments, including nature        ecosystems lakes, rivers, streams and other sources of        nutrients.

Aspects of the present disclosure also offer distinct technicaladvantages over existing mass spectrometry technology, including:

-   -   demonstrated detection of explosives, chemical warfare agent        surrogates, toxic industrial metals and other compounds,        volatile organisms from pathogenic bacteria found throughout        agriculture plants and products    -   small package (e.g., 1″×1″×2″) and can operate for nine hours or        more on one charge of helium, which is used as a source of        ionization supporting a stable, low powered, pulsed DC        discharge. Eluants from the Gas Chromatography (GC) column,        flowing counter to the flow of helium from the discharge zone,        are ionized by photons from the helium discharge. Bias        electrodes focus the resulting electrons toward the collector        electrode, where they cause changes in the standing current        which are quantified as the detector output    -   is able to achieve sub-parts per billion responses for many        chemicals.

The exemplary method of determining chemicals that have a negativeeffect on colony health uses separation techniques and gaschromatography among other detection techniques to determine the lineardynamic range of target chemical compounds inside honey bee colony. Anarray of detection devices including any type of carbon/quantum/nanoparticle, graphene, nanowire, mems, gas chromatography, gaschromatography and/or mass spectrometry (GC/MS), pulsed dischargeionization detector (PDID) or other sensing device in combination withpreconcentrators (PC), including micro-PC and Solid-PhaseMicroextraction (SPME) are used to identify target chemicals.

After target chemicals are identified, more cost-effective nano-sensorare calibrated to detect changes in the level of the target chemicalswithin a hive and throughout the environment in which social insectsinteract, specifically agriculture fields. The cost-effective sensorscan be doped with various chemicals to improve sensitivity andselectivity as well as withstand high humidity, extreme temperatures andother potential inferences.

One challenge is tracking bee foragers that vanish from the colony.Without such ability, researchers are left to sample and measurediseases, pesticides, and pests from bees that remain in the colony,which is widely considered a non-representative sample. More broadly,studies to date test individual bees, and have not studied bees at thecolony-level.

Aspects of the present disclosure deliver advanced sensing technologythat will help overcome existing research challenges. Specifically, thehigh performance portable pheromone and chemical detection system willprovide real-time monitoring of the chemical and environmentalcomposition of a colony and how changes in the composition affectpheromone output levels. The resulting time-series data providesresearchers the ability to conduct advanced statistical analysis on thechemical composition of colonies and its impact on pheromones and colonyformation.

Turning to the FIGURES, and initially FIGS. 1 and 2, FIG. 1 illustratesa first portion of an exemplary system in accordance with the presentdisclosure in connection with an exemplary insect environment in theform of a hive H including a sensor S. As will be described below, thesensor S can include sensors for detecting chemicals, temperature,humidity, and/or insect activity within the hive H that can becorrelated to an insect population. The sensor S is configured totransmit sensed data relating to, among other things, the presence ofcertain chemicals within the hive H to a receiver. The receiver in theillustrated embodiment can be a cell phone C or other mobile computingdevice, a laptop L, or any other suitable receiver. In general, the datawill be transmitted wirelessly from the sensor S to the one or morereceivers, but wired connections are also possible.

With further reference to FIG. 2, an exemplary environment external tothe insect environment is illustrated in the form of a crop field F. Aswill be appreciated, bees from the beehive are expected to interact withthe crops in the crop field F to perform pollination of the crops. Oneor more sensors S are located in the crop field in various locations forsensing, among other things, the presence of one or more chemicalswithin the crop field F. The sensors S can be in ground sensors or canbe above ground sensors. In some applications, a large network ofsensors can be deployed throughout the crop field at various locations.The sensors can also be placed on stationary and mobile units including,but not limited to farming equipment and irrigation infrastructure,drones and other remotely piloted or unmanned and autonomous vehicles.In the illustrated example, the sensors S in the hive H and the cropfield F are the same. In other embodiments, the sensors S can bedifferent. The sensors S in the crop field F are configured to transmitsensed data to a receiver. Like FIG. 1, the receiver in the illustratedembodiment can be a cell phone C or other mobile computing device, alaptop L, or any other suitable receiver. In general, the data will betransmitted wirelessly from the sensors S to the one or more receivers,but wired connections are also possible. It should be appreciated thatthe sensors S in the hive H and in the crop field F can be configured tocommunicate with a common receiver, such that data from all sensors canbe analyzed by the receiver or other data processing device.

Turning to FIG. 4, each sensor component S includes communicationcircuitry 22 and a power source 24. The communication circuitry 22, inone embodiment, includes at least one of a near field communicationdevice, Bluetooth communication device, WIFI communication device, orany other suitable communication circuitry for establishingcommunications with a remote processing device 12. The power source 24can be a power supply such as a battery (lithium or other includingsolar cell) mounted or otherwise contained within case 10. In otherembodiments, the power source 24 can be an antenna configured to receiveenergy wirelessly and supply the received energy to one or both of themonitor/detector component 20 and/or communication circuitry 22 suchthat no onboard battery is required for operation of the monitor system16.

An active or passive air flow induction device 26 can be provided forensuring adequate and or continuous flow of air to the monitor/detectorcomponent 20. Such devices can include fans, micropumps, louvers, ventsetc. An active induction device can be separately replaceable within thesystem and can include its own power supply. Alternatively, an activeinduction device can be configured to receive power from power supply24.

It should be appreciated that the monitor/detector component 20 cancomprise a plurality of sensors 28. The sensors 28 can be individuallyreplaceable or can be replaced as a unit. Replacement of the sensors maybe necessary due to sensor degradation. In other situations, a user maywish to detect certain chemicals and will choose which sensors toinstall in the system. In one embodiment, the entire sensor S isreplaceable as a unit.

The sensors 28 may detect any environmental factor including temperatureor humidity or chemical, such as the chemicals referred to above. Thesensors can include thermometers, motion sensors, vibration sensors,acoustic sensors, light sensors, humidity sensors or any other type ofsensor as desired.

It will be appreciated that each sensor component S is configured tocommunicate with the remote processing device 12. That is, each sensorcomponent S collects data and transmits or otherwise shares thecollected data with the remote processing device 12 for processing. Theremote processing device 12 of the illustrated embodiment includes aprocessor 30, a memory 32, a communication circuitry 34, and a powersource 36. It will be appreciated that the remote processing device 12can include a wide variety of additional components as is conventional.Such additional components can include a display device, input device,various sensors, various antennas, etc. In some examples, the processor,memory, circuitry and power source can be onboard the sensor componentsS and can be screen or ink-jet printed components.

Data collected by the monitor/detector component 20 is transmitted viacommunication circuitry 22 to communication circuitry 34 of the remoteprocessing device 12. Other data, such as sensor state, status,performance data, and the like can also be transmitted to the remoteprocessing device 12. Any suitable manner of transmitting the data fromthe sensor S to the remote processing device 12 can be employed.

The data collected and transmitted by the sensor components S is thenprocessed by the remote processing device 12 to detect one or morechemicals in accordance with one or more methods set forth in U.S. Pat.No. 8,629,770 to Hummer et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 7,176,793 to Hummer,which are both hereby incorporated herein in their entireties. To thisend, suitable software for analyzing the data is stored in memory 32 ofthe remote processing device 12. Other detection and/or analyzingmethods and techniques, including machine learning and artificialintelligence may also be used in conjunction with aspects of the presentdisclosure.

In one embodiment, the software stored in memory 32 can be in the formof an application, or “app,” that is downloaded from an app store or thelike. The app can be provided with various “signatures” of chemicals.The signatures can be compared to the data to determine whether thechemical signature was detected by a sensor component S. The app can beconfigured to be automatically updated with new signatures as the needto detect particular chemicals arise. That is, it is possible to providenew and/or additional chemical signatures for the app to check againstthe data to detect specific chemicals.

The app can further include features such as adjustable thresholds. Forexample, for some chemicals that are routinely present in certainamounts and/or not generally considered dangerous or problematic belowcertain levels, the application can be configured to detect or triggeran alarm when a threshold amount is met or exceeded. For some chemicalswhich are considered dangerous or problematic in any amount, thethresholds would not generally be adjustable. Among these chemicals arehighly toxic metals, plant pathogens, pathogenic bacteria, foodbornepathogen and disease including but not limited to: Norovirus, ToxoplasmaGondii, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, StaphylococcusAureus, Listeria Monocytogenes, Clostridium Perfringens, VibrioVulnificus, Yersinia Enterocolitica, Shigella, Cryptosporidium Parvum,Vibrio Parahaemolyticus, Escherichia Coli, Hepatitis, Botulism, andCampylobacter Jejuni.

The app can be further configured to, once a chemical is detected, sharethe detection information. For example, the application can beconfigured to use the communication circuitry 34 to broadcast an alert(or generate a notification) via any suitable communications network(e.g., WIFI, NFC, Bluetooth, cell, etc.). The alert may be directly sentto other, for example, personal communication device of a beekeeper, ormay be sent to a server (or through a network) and then on to deviceswithin a range of a given location. The alert can also be sent torelated stakeholders such as the United States Department of Agriculture(USDA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and any other Federal, Stateor Local authority or organization associated with agricultureproduction. Furthermore, this real-time data can be used to populate ananalytics dashboard of chemical and environmental threats to agricultureproduction.

As used herein, the terms beehive or hive refers generally to astructure regardless of the presence of bees, whereas the term colony isused when there are bees present in the hive or beehive.

The exemplary embodiment has been described with reference to thepreferred embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations willoccur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detaileddescription. It is intended that the exemplary embodiment be construedas including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they comewithin the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of monitoring at least onechemical concentration or analyte of an insect environment and a naturalecosystem external to the insect environment comprising: monitoring theinsect environment for the at least one chemical concentration oranalyte using at least one sensor located within the insect environment,the at least one sensor operative to generate data indicative of the atleast one chemical concentration or analyte of the insect environmentand communicate the data to an associated data processing device;monitoring one or more natural ecosystems external to the insectenvironment with which an insect population of the insect environmentinteracts with at least one sensor, the at least one sensor operative togenerate data indicative of the at least one chemical concentration oranalyte and communicate the data to the associated data processingdevice; and taking remedial action to mitigate effects on the insectpopulation based at least in part on the data generated by one or moreof the sensors; wherein the remedial action includes altering at leastone of planting, growing or harvesting conditions, farming methods,processes or procedures; wherein the at least one sensor external to theinsect environment further determines at least one of a location oroperating status of the sensor.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising monitoring at least one of temperature, humidity, moisture,light, nutrients, vegetation, pH, oxygen, solar radiation, wind speed,vibration, pressure or noise of the insect environment or its naturalecosystem surrounding.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the insectenvironment includes a beehive or bee colony and its natural ecosystemincludes at least one of a field, vegetation, water source, farminginfrastructure or farming equipment.
 4. The method of claim 1, whereinat least one of the sensors is configured to periodically reportgenerated data to the associated data processing device over a period oftime corresponding to one or more of the presence or absence of at leastone chemical, temperature, humidity, moisture, light, nutrient,vegetation, pH, oxygen, solar radiation, wind speed, vibration, pressureor noise.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a powersource including an antenna configured to receive energy wirelessly andsupply the received energy to at least one of the sensors.
 6. The methodof claim 1, wherein at least one of the sensors includes a printedelement.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the sensorsis part of a removable/replaceable component.
 8. The method of claim 1,further comprising directing flow of air or liquid or other substance toat least one of the sensors using an active/passive flow inductiondevice.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising selectivelyattaching a housing directly to an associated receiver or a protectivecase of an associated receiver.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein theassociated receiver includes a personal communication device.
 11. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the associated receiver includes anon-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions causing theprocessor to execute an application for processing the data, theapplication configured to: receive the data or information from themonitoring or measuring device; and analyze the data to detect orinterpret one or more chemicals or materials or factors.
 12. Amonitoring system for monitoring at least one chemical concentration oranalyte of an insect environment and a natural ecosystem external to theinsect environment comprising: a receiver; a first sensor including adetector component operative to generate data corresponding to at leastone chemical concentration or analyte, communication circuitry and apower source operatively coupled to the detector component and thecommunication circuitry for supplying power thereto, the communicationcircuitry configured to transmit data generated by the detectorcomponent to the receiver; and a second sensor including a detectorcomponent operative to generate corresponding to at least one chemicalconcentration or analyte, communication circuitry and a power sourceoperatively coupled to the detector component and the communicationcircuitry for supplying power thereto, the communication circuitryconfigured to transmit data generated by the detector component to thereceiver; wherein the first sensor is configured to detect one or morechemical concentrations or analytes or characteristics in the insectenvironment; wherein the second sensor is configured to detect one ormore chemical concentrations or analytes or characteristics in anecosystem external to the insect environment with which the insectpopulation interacts; and wherein the second sensor is furtherconfigured to determine at least one of a location or operating statusof the second sensor.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the monitoringsystem includes a protective covering made of a breathable material. 14.The system of claim 12, wherein the first or second sensor includes atleast one of an electrochemical sensor, microneedle sensor,microelectromechanical system sensor, photoionization detector, gaschromatography sensor, spectroscopy sensor, metal oxide sensor, acousticsensor, surface acoustic wave sensor, vibration sensor, temperaturesensor, humidity sensor, moisture sensor, pH sensor, nutrient sensor,light sensor, infrared sensor, nondispersive infrared sensor, ultrasonicsensor, chemical sensor or an optical sensor.
 15. The system of claim14, wherein the data processing device is configured to generate analert in response to a detected change in population or activity orhealth of the insect environment.
 16. The system of claim 15, whereinthe data processing device is configured to generate an alert inresponse to detection of a predetermined chemical or chemicalconcentration or analyte or material or factor in the insectenvironment.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the power source of atleast one of the first or second sensors includes an antenna configuredto receive energy wirelessly and supply the received energy to at leastone of the detector component or the communication circuitry.